Health studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health studies - Essay Example The community’s aim is to practice justice, equality and mutual respect, which should be long-term solutions (Garrard, 2011, p. 45). Community development projects have needs such as drainage improvements, getting rid of street decay and protect personal property. The main problem comes when the city’s budget does not consider repairing old houses, but instead puts new infrastructure in the community. For instance, a lot of the infrastructure is taken care of community development programs (Creager, Beckman & Loscalzo, 2013). Recreational parks for the disabled and nursing homes for the old are mostly taken care of the community developments. Many societies prefer community groups because individuals come together and talk about issues affecting them as a group or community (Andreoli, Cecil, & Carpenter, 2010, p. 125). In such a way, problems are handled than would be a personal matter. The program gets funding from the government or sponsored, and that is how the community develops. Community development increases job opportunities, reduces crime because the percentage of housing is high thus decreasing h omelessness. The community gets an education through the allowances in the program (Fillit, 2010). There is nothing as powerful as an educated society for it eradicates so many problems like poverty. Social exclusion is a major problem in our global societies’. In U.K, for instance, social exclusions such as drug use, racism, teenage pregnancies and crime and disorder partnerships are witnessed on a daily basis. Social exclusion can happen to anyone, but those with low income, the disabled and in dysfunctional families are more at risk (Plant & Böhm, 2010, p. 109). Care Insights is an example of a U.K based community development that focuses on social exclusion. Its primary aim is empowering the community by maintaining redistribution of resources, preventing conflict to enhance poverty reduction and finally helps in food security.

Analzye a topic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Analzye a topic - Assignment Example The artifacts depict the river of life as its prevalent theme. Through this representation, the artist intended to show the world the significance of environmental conservation. Moreover, the artwork shows that no matter how minute our contribution to the planet might be we are capable of transforming the universe. The painting is also utilitarian since it shows the spirit of restoration. On the other hand, the Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious by Alexander McQueen illustrate utilitarian themes (Alexander web). The artwork creates or utilizes space, which was a major theme in the 20th century. Through the creation, the artist demonstrates our ability to use minimal space through thoughtful designs. Due to economic and social demands, women were expected to undertake roles or duties that were performed by men. The black coat initially designed for women, also shows social changes that accompanied the 19th century revolutions. It was a utilitarian belief that economic and social prosp erities could only be achieved if women changed their thinking. The coat makes its wearer to appear huge. Indeed, the coat inspires its wearer, making them have a sense of pride and a conquering

The Acceptability of Torture and Some Viable Alternative Solutions Term Paper

The Acceptability of Torture and Some Viable Alternative Solutions - Term Paper Example Despite the fact that several people criticize acts of torture, I believe that if torture helps to obtain information to save people’s lives, then it is practically good and that torture is justifiable as long as it fulfills this purpose. Despite the fact that several critics of torture would condemn it by calling it â€Å"abhorrent† and by justifying it in a rather simplistic way – that â€Å"making people suffer is a horrible thing [and that] pain hurts and bad pain hurts badly,† there is no denying that torture serves a rather good purpose (Luban 1429). Levin was right in saying that compared to torture, â€Å"mass murder is far more barbaric,† and that governments that do not resort to torture commit â€Å"moral cowardice† and eventually sacrifices innocent lives in favor of one whose life they do not want to be accused of taking (824). In Levin’s essay entitled â€Å"The Case for Torture,† he reiterates that in the case of a ticking time bomb incident, where it is only torture that would serve as the final resort for the authorities to obtain information from a captured terrorist about the location of a time bomb about to explode, the idea of using torture is indeed justified (824). This is indeed perfectly logical for there is no other way for anyone to be able to detect the bomb except by torturing the captive and making him admit where it is. Although the chances of the captured terrorist revealing the exact location may not be 100%, at least there was some hope of finding out where the bomb is. Moreover, even if such a procedure has failed, the government would not have to bear the burden of guilt from not having done anything to stop the explosion. People may criticize a government for failing to rescue hostages. However, there must be greater criticism intended for governments that did not do anything to come up with a rescue plan for hostages on the basis of their decision not to torture and vi olate the human rights of the captured terrorist bomber. The point here is not about the idea of criticism, and it is not that governments have the moral duty to avoid criticism. The point is that governments have the duty to protect its citizens and any negligence of this duty is tantamount to severe criticism and a violation of the human right of the citizens to live. Besides, a government that is bent more on protecting the rights of perpetrators more than the rights of victims must be one which is considered tyrannical, and when people lose their respect for the government – no matter how unjustifiable the basis for such loss of respect is – there is no reason not to expect anarchy. The ultimate end result, therefore, although hypothetical, would be the destruction of human society. If people do not feel like the government is doing its best to protect their lives, interests, and safety, then there must be no reason for them to continue believing in the integrity o f this government. Such resentment and loss of faith would eventually foster dissent and rebellion. Krauthammer may criticize torture as an act which we take when we â€Å"descend to the level of our enemy† and one which is against â€Å"our nature as a moral and humane people,† but I believe that the words â€Å"moral† and â€Å"humane† are but ethical labels or at best mere generalizations (829).

English Journal Essay Example for Free

English Journal Essay â€Å"Within the diamond haze of the beach something dark was fumbling along. Ralph saw it first and watched till the intentness of his gaze drew all eyes that way. Then the creature stepped from mirage on to clear sand, and they saw that the darkness was not all shadow but mostly clothing. The creature was a party of boys, marching approximately in step in two parallel lines and dressed in strangely eccentric clothing. (Golding 1954, Ch. 1, p. 19) | This analysis explores the literary feature characterization. In this passage of the novel Golding describes the setting as â€Å"the diamond haze of the beach† to make the reader experience darkness and mystery, as if the reader is actually there. But not just the setting is important in this passage. The author’s choice of words to characterize the choir boys is impeccable. In this quotation the readers see the mysterious â€Å"creature† coming closer and closer to the two boys, Ralph and Piggy. Golding uses imagery to make the reader experience this spooky event. It is evident in the phrase â€Å"Then the creature stepped from mirage on to clear sand, and they saw that the darkness was not all shadow but mostly clothing. † By using the noun â€Å"creature†, Golding instills a scary, horrifying appearance to the group of boys. Also, he uses the word â€Å"mirage† to provide the reader with a mysterious, almost horror-like feeling as the group comes closer and closer. These nouns signify mysteriousness and darkness, providing the readers with a spooky, eerie atmosphere which helps us understand that the group of boys seem dangerous. This passage is taken from the author’s point-of-view and it makes a great impact on the reader. | â€Å"That’s enough! † said Ralph sharply, and snatched back the conch. â€Å"If you didn’t you didn’t. â€Å"-then you come up here an’ pinch my specs-† Jack turned on him. â€Å"You shut up! †(Golding 1954, Ch. 2, p. 46)| This analysis explores the literary feature imagery. In this dialogue of the novel Golding shows an argument between Ralph, the leader, and the other boys. The author uses words and phrases like †You shut up! † and â€Å"That’s enough! † to stress the harshness and seriousness of the situation to the reader. By using â€Å"enough! † the author deeply signifies the disturbance and frustration that Ralph is experiencing as pack leader. Jack is also portrayed as rude and bossy by using the phrase â€Å"You shut up! † This makes the reader feel a scuffle going on between the two, as if two factions are ready to be formed. This short passage shapes the theme â€Å"Inherent evil within humanity† as a whole by giving the reader a rude argument scene to show that there is inherent evil within humanity. | â€Å"Don’t you want to be rescued? All you can talk about is pig, pig, pig! â€Å"But we want meat! † â€Å"And I work all day with nothing but Simon and you come back and don’t even notice the huts! † (Golding 1954, Ch. 3, p. 54) | This analysis explores the literary feature characterization. In this passage of the novel Golding shows Ralph gives a rap on the knuckles to all those who didn’t participate in the hard-working day. By using the words â€Å"don’t even notice†, Golding wants the reader to experience the anger that Ralph has for these children. He states that he â€Å"work all day with nothing but Simon†, which means no child wants to do the hard work, except for those who actually are optimistic and think they have chance to leave this island. The other children’s egoistic behavior becomes problematic for the faction to develop any further. Golding emphasizes the state of stress Ralph is in as the leader of a faction in this sentence: â€Å"And I work all day with nothing but Simon and you come back and don’t even notice the huts! †This passage in the novel is used to let the reader the reader there are lots of egoistic people in the world and that it is very hard to get those people to work. By mentioning the repetition â€Å"pig, pig, pig!†, the children make themselves seem as they only about their personal lives, rather than the life of the faction. | â€Å"Roger and Maurice came out of the forest. They were relieved from duty at the fire and had come down for a swim. Roger led the way straight through the castles, kicking them over, burying the flowers, scattering the chosen stones. Maurice followed, laughing, and added to the destruction. † (Golding 1954, Ch. 4, p. 60)| This analysis explores the literary features setting and characterization. In this passage of novel Golding makes it known that the quietness of the forest is disturbed by using verbs like â€Å"burying†, â€Å"kicking†, â€Å"scattering†. These words add to the destructive mood of the passage. Also, the setting is described as horrendous, menacing, and violent because one of the boys, Maurice in particular, laughs during this passage, meaning his carelessness towards the forest may result in shortage of necessary figures for their faction. Golding makes this scene stick out like a sore thumb because of the complete indiscretion that Roger and Maurice caused to the forest.

Effects of Reintroduction of Capital Punishment in the UK

Effects of Reintroduction of Capital Punishment in the UK The legal and political effects of re-introducing capital punishment into the British Criminal Justice System. Acknowledgement I would like to thank Ms Rebecca Greenhalgh of the charity group Amicus, who provided endless assistance with source materials and statistics reflecting the psychological effects of being on ‘death row’. Amicus is a charity based organisation that assists the lawyers of families of death row prisoners and also provides help with coping with the stress that goes hand in hand with the anticipation of execution. Help is also provided in order to assist with prison visits and other initiatives for the benefit of raising awareness of the unconstitutional status of Capital Punishment in the USA. Appetiser â€Å"I remember the pounding fists of the wooden railings that kept the mob out of the sand covered courtyard. I can still smell the burning embers of Ellion’s pages as they rose above the various bonfires that lined the outskirts of the crowd. These were the ashes of testimonies given by Ellion during the trial but I mourned no loss, for as long as Ellion was alive, his words, teachings and truths would never be lost. I took the final steps of my life knowing above all else that my path was great. I chose to dwell on only one sight and it was not the mob and their deafening cries as they yelled the word HERETIC alongside the din of the executioner’s drums. Nor do I remember the sight of the wielded axe and the faceless man who held it high above my head, ready to strike away at the last of my breath. I remember, but one thing, I remember as I looked up at the distant Minoton in flight, I witnessed it soar up into the skies that at last, to me, boar the eeriness that I could comprehend. I now knew that it was the eeriness that comes with the discovery that these were not the skies that had known of our forefathers. The last words I ever spoke resounded in the ears of the peoples of Giddo Kaata for all time. â€Å"For Peace and Knowledge.† With that the drums halted and the crowd was silent. I closed my eyes as I knelt and felt a slight breeze, then pain and, as I opened my eyes again, I found myself in a vast world of perpetual darkness, and I feared nothing. Live long Ellion, the man for whom I die. Live long, and recite your chronicle.† Extract from ‘The Heretic’ by Nicola Louise Tysoe (unpublished, copyright Nicola L Tysoe) Contents Page (Jump to) Introduction Part 1: The legal effects of the re-introduction of capital punishment into the  British Criminal Justice System 1.1 History 1.2 Effects of the Human Rights Act 1998 and the ECHR 1.3 Comparison with USA, the need to repeal the Human Rights Act 1998 1.4 The Legal Consequences for Britain as an EU Member State and a brief mention of the recent Turkey situation 1.5 The legal effects of International Law Treaties Part 2: The Political Effects of the Re-introduction of Capital Punishment into the British Criminal Justice System 2.1 Internal Politics 2.2 The European Policy with Turkey as an example 2.3 The Alterations of the International Political Alliances with the UK 2.4 Resultant Weakness of the UK’s participation in international politics 2.5 A USA/UK Alliance Introduction The death penalty was abolished in 1965 as a result of the Sidney Silverman (MP) private member’s bill. The debate on the concept of re-introduction did however take place although with increasing failure and with the current governance of the Human Rights Act 1998, the question is now posed, what would be the legal and political effects of the British re-introduction of the death penalty? In order to answer this question it is important to give a brief overview of the history of death penalty reform in order to become aware of the core issues that motivated changes in the law that profoundly stretched over a period of time that included the Napoleonic wars, the industrial revolution, the rise of an educated, middle class, two world wars and their aftermath of social enlightenment. The importance of this exercise will be to also reveal the type of social and political climate that would form the necessary pre-requisite for inspiration to finally abolish the death penalty. Further to this, the effect of the ECHR and the Human Rights Act 1998 will be assessed and comparison with the wording of the US Constitution will provide the subject of analysis for contrasts between pro and con death penalty policies as well as illustrate how capital punishment is allowed in a country that has a Bill of Rights. In light of the UK’s commitments to the ECHR, the legal consequen ces of re-introduction of the death penalty will be revealed in part one, with a complimentary description in Part 2 of the political steps that the UK would have to take in order to realise this hypothetical goal. Part One will end by giving a description of the contrasting commitments under international law treaties. As already explained, part two will discuss the political consequences for the British re-introduction of the death penalty. This means that, as well as stating the steps required for realisation of a death penalty policy, there will be a detailed analysis of UK internal politics, as well as the Country’s relationship with the political, international community and current weaknesses. The purpose of this exercise will be twofold. In the first place, it will be necessary to fully understand the position of the UK in global politics and, in the second place, this understanding will, give way to a more accurate representation of the political, international impact of re-introduction of Capital Punishment to the UK. Part One: The Legal Effects of the Re-introduction of Capital Punishment 1.1 History 1.1.2 The early days – reducing the scope of the offence The first death penalty reforms were introduced by Samuel Romilly in 1808, who sought to remove this form of punishment from over two-hundred various crimes. These crimes were referred to as England’s â€Å"Bloody Code† and included such offences as remaining in the company of gypsies for a minimum of one month[1], the vagrancy of soldiers and sailors[2] and ‘strong evidence of malice’ in children ranging between the ages of seven and fourteen years. Following this early era of reform the early 1830s saw the removal of the penalty for petty crimes such as shop lifting, sacrilege and the theft of mail. The emphasis at this time was a clear campaign to remove the disproportionate trends of the criminal justice system. The result of these reforms did however reveal a higher instance of convictions but it is widely held that poverty and starvation were an additional contributing factor to the occurrence of these lesser crimes[3]. The reforms continued through to 1843 with the removal of gibbeting, which entailed the public display of the executed dead in cages and, finally, by 1861 the death penalty remained for only four separate and serious offences, which were murder, arson in royal dockyards, piracy with violence and, treason[4], of which the latter two crimes continued to carry the death sentence until the enactment of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998. 1.1.3 Limiting the mode of execution As well as limiting the number of crimes that fell within the scope for the death penalty, the methods of execution were also reduced. In 1868, public hanging was outlawed[5] and the punishment of being hung, drawn and quartered was condemned to the history books in 1870[6]. By the start of the 20th century the compulsory form of death for murder was hanging. 1.1.4 A picture of the early 20th century dilema There did however exist the discretion of the jury to aid the ‘recommendation to mercy’ but this was fully reversible by the Home Secretary[7]. Further to this, appeals in the Court of Appeal were to be heard only once and only for the points of law that had amounted to the prima facie case for conviction. House of Lords appeals were strictly allowable at the exclusive discretion of the Attorney General who was to decide whether the particular case involved significant points of law that merited further examination[8]. The result of any successful appeal was the reduction of sentencing to that of life imprisonment but the Home Secretary did later obtain the power to obtain the opinion of a medical panel to determine the mental capacity of the condemned offender[9]. 1.1.5 After the world wars The issue of controversy over the death penalty did not once again grab full media and political attention until after the end of the second world war, when capital punishment became a focus of the British media[10]. The delay in reform was of course a direct result of the suspension of legislative reform that took place during the war, and was the ultimate reason for the shelving of the original 1938 Commons vote to abolish the death sentence over an experimental period of five years[11]. Following the war there were in fact a number of lobbies both for and against the death penalty as well as overall concerns over the innocence of many of those condemned to die. To date, since 1945, there have been three posthumous pardons for Mr Timothy Evans in 1966[12] and Mahmood Mattan and Derek Bently in 1998[13]. 1.1.6 The emergence of new but flawed limitations to Capital Punishment In 1948 the then Labour Government created the Royal Commission on the death penalty but it was not until the election of the Conservative Government when a true legislative compromise was introduced in the form of the Homicide Act 1957. This act was in fact a direct result of the gross miscarriages of justice that had taken place in the years since the war and acted to reduce the scope of the sentence to a mere six kinds of murder. The first was murder executed in the furtherance of theft, followed by murder as a result of shooting or causing an explosion. The third scenario was murder carried out within the course of resisting arrest or while attempting to escape. The fourth and fifth was the murder of a police officer or prison officer while in prison and finally, the sixth murder charge that carried the death penalty was when there were at least two murders on separate occasions. It is clear that the ethos behind this restriction was to reserve the most profound of sentence to the most acute and extreme manifestations of the crime of murder, thereby theoretically condemning to death those few criminals who were deemed to deserve to die[14]. There were however three problems associated with this so-called compromise. In the first place, while this rationale was a step up from the carte blanche capital punishment of all murderers it is clear from analysis of the selected forms of death bearing murders that there was no justifiable reason for such a profound distinction between murder by stabbing and murder by gunshot wound. Secondly, the ultimate flaw here was that the distinctions were wholly based on the actus reus of the crime and not on the mens rea with the result that, in order to avoid the death penalty, perpetrators would become aware of the law and choose their method wisely. Thirdly the provisions of the Homicide Act 1957 did absolutely nothing to curb the suspicions of miscarriages of justice that remained for such cases as that of James Hanratty, who was executed in April of 1962 for shooting Michael Gregsten[15]. Finally, the last executions in Britain, which were of Peter Anthony Allen and Gwynne Owen Evans took place in August 1964 who together murdered John West while robbing his home earlier in the same year. 1.1.7 The abolishment of Capital Punishment in the UK In 1965 Sidney Silverman produced his private members bill that proposed a five year trial for the abolishment of the death penalty, which was indoctrinated in the Murder (Abolition of the Death Penalty) Act 1965. A further vote in 1969 in the House of Commons sealed the fate of the death penalty in Britain as it slipped into the history books and was abolished for good. This status followed in 1973 in Northern Ireland and neither portion of the British Isles have looked back since. 1.1.8 Since Abolishment While there have been more that ten attempts to reintroduce the death penalty in the UK, the last pre-Human Rights Act, Commons vote for hanging as a result of shooting a police officer on duty resulted in a 197 majority in favour of continued abolition. In addition to clear political favour against hanging, there are a number of high profile cases that, since the abolishment of the death penalty, would have resulted in death by hanging but were later revealed to have been gross miscarriages of justice of which the Birmingham Six is one of the most notable examples. Until the enactment of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998, the death penalty remained in force for treason and piracy with violence although at no point in the time since the abolishment for murder were these sentences ever carried out. Finally, sovereignty over the matter of the death penalty was officially removed in 1999 when Jack Straw signed the Sixth Protocol of the European Convention of Human Rights and in 2002, the Thirteenth Protocol was also signed. The full effects of this are set out below in part 1.2. 1.2 Effects of the Human Rights Act 1998 and the ECHR 1.2.1 Relevant Provisions of the ECHR, Identifying the relationship between the original convention and further human rights provisions. 1.2.1.1 The general applicable provisions The preamble of the ECHR (European Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms) states that signatories: reaffirming their profound belief in those fundamental freedoms which are the foundation of justice and peace in the world and are best maintained on the one hand by an effective political democracy and on the other hand by a common understanding and observance of the human rights upon which they depend; being resolved, as the governments of European countries which are like-minded and have a common heritage of political traditions, ideals, freedom and the rule of law, to take the first steps for the collective enforcement of certain of the rights stated in the Universal Declaration†¦ The concept of a foundation for justice and peace, as is stated above and was written in 1950, did not at first encompass abolishment of the death penalty but this changed with the enactment of the sixth protocol, which directly concerns the abolishment of the death penalty as an extrapolation of the more general provision under Article 2 of the Convention and stipulates the basic right to life. Article 2(1) states: â€Å"1. Everyones right to life shall be protected by law. No one shall be deprived of his life intentionally save in the execution of a sentence of a court following his conviction of a crime for which this penalty is provided by law.† It is this breadth of wording that facilitates both wide interpretation and, in relation to the right to life in particular, a wide scope for discretion to exclude or include issues based solely on the political climate of the day. Indeed, at the time of the assignation to the ECHR in 1951, the campaign for the abolishment of the death penalty did not gather huge momentum in light of this provision. 1.2.1.2 The Addition of formal, specific ratifications on the abolishment of the death penalty. Jack Straw MP signed the 6th protocol of 1983 on January 29, 1999, in which Article 1 states that: â€Å"The death penalty shall be abolished. No one shall be condemned to such penalty or executed.† While the provision is extremely clear cut on this basis, there was an exception provided for under Article 2 of Protocol 6, which provided that: â€Å"A State may make provision in its law for the death penalty in respect of acts committed in time of war or of imminent threat of war; such penalty shall be applied only in the instances laid down in the law and in accordance with its provisions. The State shall communicate to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe the relevant provisions of that law.† The exception to the death penalty abolishment to times of war was repealed following ratification of Protocol 13 in 2002, which came into force on 1 July, 2003.[16] This therefore made it also contrary to the European Convention to legislate for lawful capital punishment during times of war. 1.2.1.3 The overall impact of ratification of specific death penalty provisions Prior to enactment of the Human Rights Act 1998, ratification of the ECHR alone meant that recourse could only be had to it when raised at the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg. In relation to Articles 8 on the right to privacy and Article 14 on the prohibition of discrimination, there is a myriad of case law on this point, some of which was successful such as P v S Cornwall County Council[17] on the coverage of gender reassignment as falling within the scope of Article. However some cases did fall prey to the overtly wide provisions of the ECHR and failed. An example is that of Grant v Southwest Trains Ltd[18] in which it was held that the definition of ‘sex’ under the provision of Article 14 did not encompass sexual orientation. With regard to the 6th and 13th Protocols, there exists no such danger of judicial discretion in the exercise of provision interpretation for the simple reason that the wording of these annexes are sufficiently precise to ensure that all signatories to these protocols will harbour citizens who may consciously rely on the provisions under EU jurisdiction. It will however be shown in part two that, despite this misgiving, there is a further political tool for the inclusion of abolition of the death penalty at European level, which is that indoctrination facilitates the use of this policy as a condition of EU Membership. It is in precisely this area that Turkey is having severe setbacks on their journey to EU Membership, and this is set out below under Part 1.4. 1.3 Comparison with the USA the need to repeal the human rights Act 1.3.1 Brief Background of the legal circumstances that permit the death penalty in the USA. 1.3.1.1 Judicial interpretation of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments – Furman v Georgia[19] The death penalty in the USA is constantly debated on account of there being heated disagreement over whether or not Capital punishment is caught by the Eighth Amendment, which states that: â€Å"Excessive Bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted[20]†. The Fourteenth Amendment (Section 1) is also relevant for the consideration of applicable Constitution provisions that regulate the rights that are affected by the imposition of the death penalty. This states that: â€Å"All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities o citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.[21]† In 1972, the case of Furman v Georgia[22] it was held that the imposition of the death penalty did amount to ‘cruel and unusual punishment’ that contradicted the Eighth Amendment and was also a moral affront to the perceptions of justice by the American people. Justice Brennan remarked that: â€Å"Today death is a uniquely and unusually severe punishment. When examined by the principles applicable under the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause, death stands condemned as fatally offensive to human dignity. The punishment of death is therefore cruel and unusual, and the States may no longer inflict it as a punishment for crimes.[23]† In relation to the Fourteenth Amendment, it was successfully argued that the obvious disparity in the provision of adequate legal advice was a clear cause of depravity of due process. The crux of the argument on this matter surrounded the fact that the rich would be able to afford the best legal advice, the poor would be provided with the best legal advice and the middle classes would receive little aid and with their more modest financial resources, were able to afford counsel, although not the best. 1.3.1.2 Reinterpretation – Gregg v Georgia[24] The decision of Furman v Georgia was however overturned in Gregg v Georgia[25] in which Justice Brennan maintained his stance and dissented. The judgement was however split eight to three, and of those who lent a hand to re-impose the death penalty it was stated that the Georgian law on the matter did not impose a cruel or unusual form of punishment as the death penalty in general constituted a form of retribution that would not be against the morals of the American people and that arguments against its effects as a significant deterrent were deemed to be inconclusive and therefore, unreliable. With regard to retribution, Justice Stewart quoted from his own concurring opinion in Furman v Georgia, in which he stated that: â€Å"The instinct for retribution is part of the nature of man, and channelling that instinct in the administration of criminal justice serves an important purpose in promoting the stability of a society governed by law. When people begin to believe that organized society is unwilling or unable to impose upon criminal offenders the punishment they deserve, then there are sown the seeds of anarchy of self-help, vigilante justice, and lynch law[26]† As retaliation to the above notion of anarchy, Justice Stewart quoted from the dissenting answer by Justice Powell, who said that in relation to anarchy: â€Å"Retribution is no longer the dominant objective of the criminal law,[27]† but neither is it a forbidden objective, nor one inconsistent with our respect for the dignity of men[28]† With regard to the accusation of breach of the Fourteenth Amendment, the Georgian statute was deemed to have been precise enough to prevent the capricious and arbitrary application of the death penalty on account of there being specific guidelines for the jury on the matter of deciding the case. On the basis of this argument is was therefore held that there was adequate ‘due process’ that would prevent the death sentence from falling foul of the Fourteenth Amendment. On this matter, Justice Stewart stated that the Georgian Statute: â€Å"†¦focus(es) the jurys attention on the particularized nature of the crime and the particularized characteristics of the individual defendant. While the jury is permitted to consider any aggravating or mitigating circumstances, it must find and identify at least one statutory aggravating factor before it may impose a penalty of death. In this way, the jurys discretion is channelled. No longer can a jury wantonly and freakishly impose the death sentence; it is always circumscribed by the legislative guidelines†¦[29]† 1.3.2 Commentary of the Re-interpretation in Gregg v Georgia[30] GreenhalghÙ ­ states that there are two problems with this interpretation of Amendments in Gregg v Georgia.[31] Firstly, the opinions of the concurring judges weakly distinguished the prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment in the Eighth Amendment with the death penalty on the basis of the mode of execution. Recently, Georgia has abolished use of the electric chair and now only the lethal injection is the acceptable mode of execution that may be carried out in this State[32]. However, the method of execution continues to be the wrong focus for the ascertainment of Criminal Justice and the Supreme Court fully failed to argue that the deprivation of life or punishment, where the result is actual death, was both cruel and unusual. The method of execution is therefore irrelevant and need not have been dissected as a point of distinction in law[33]. Secondly, Greenhalgh continues by stating that there was equally wrongful focus on the determination that due process under the Fourteenth Amendment was fulfilled on the basis of ten aggravating circumstances that were to correctly guide the jury. There was equally inadequate examination of the argument over ability to afford the better counsel for the defence[34], as well as complete disregard for the issue of race disparity on death row[35]. The correct path to have taken was that due process is never fulfilled where counsel for the defendant is faced with the task of saving a man’s life every time he acts within his duty in a capital offence trial. Further to this, due process is equally flawed where the prosecution is set the task of persuading the jury to condemn the defendant to death. The argument here therefore, is that, in non warlike scenarios, and where self defence does not enter the equation, no one should be required to engage in the facilitation of involuntary k illing as part of their career. There is also a second argument, namely that due process extends beyond the trial and continues throughout the sentence so that appeals may be lodged where new evidence comes to light. Senator Patrick Leahy of Vermont stated in 2001 that he was greatly concerned over the fact that, since 1976, 85 prisoners on death row were exonerated on the basis of new evidence and that a number of these had occurred only days before execution[36]. He asserts that the issue is not one of a mere state or two, but is nationwide, thereby making academic analysis of the US system an ideal national focus as opposed to mere State-to-State comparison. The Senator states: â€Å"The appalling number of exonerations, and the fact that they span so many States—a substantial majority of the States that have the death penalty—makes it clearer than ever that the crisis I spoke of last year is real, and that it is national in its scope. This is not an â€Å"Illinois problem† or a â€Å"Texas problem.[37]† Clearly, for those that are exonerated after death, there is utter futility and pointlessness with the exception of empty and shell like, posthumous dignity. In order to combat this, the Innocence Protection Act was passed in 2001 with the aim of: â€Å"†¦reducing the risk that innocent persons may be executed. Most urgently, the bill would afford greater access to DNA testing by convicted offenders, and help States improve the quality of legal representation in capital cases.[38]† This is once again an attempt to gloss over the deprivation of due process that is taken at the point of death and is clearly a savage desire to retain the death penalty to the expensive extent to installing legislation for the purpose of ensuring as fair a trial as possible. 1.3.3 Comparison with the ECHR – The requirement to abolish the Human Rights Act 1998 Like the wording of Article 2 of the ECHR, the scope of meaning for the vocabulary of both the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments is utterly imprecise. This therefore allows for the common but unannounced practice of reverse judgement whereby a decision is reached prior to the submission of counsel for both the prosecution and the defence and ratio are devised in order to justify he finding in law. However, unlike the ECHR, there is no express prohibition of the death penalty, as located under protocols 6 and 13 to the Convention, which means that the whole question of abolishment lies in the exclusive hands of the Supreme Court of the United States. Therefore, as a matter of jurisdiction, the Supreme Court is set the task of independently interpreting the Constitution, whereas the EU has made it perfectly clear that this issue is far too profound to be considered judicially. 1.3.4 Is the UK’s only recourse to repeal the Human Rights Act? The result for the UK is therefore clear and repeal of the Human Rights Act 1998 would be wholly necessary in order to re-introduce the death penalty. This is explained in more detail under part 1.4 in relation to the full spectrum of legal requirements and consequences of re-introducing the death penalty in the UK. 1.4 The legal Consequences for Britain as an EU Member State and the Current Turkey Situation 1.4.1 The Legal Consequences for Britain The standpoint of the EU on the concept of the death penalty is outwardly precise and any attempt of the UK to introduce this form of sentencing would cause a direct breach of protocol 13, thereby going against the policy under the s 3 (1) of the Act, which states that all legislation is to be read as being in accordance with the provisions of the ECHR. The enactment of incompatible legislation would fall foul of investigation by

Flight to Delhi

Flight to Delhi Flight to Delhi Delhi is the capital city of India with a population of over 13 million and has emerged as one of the fastest growing cities in the world. With over 700 flights landing and taking off from Delhi every day, Delhi airport is the busiest airport in India. It is easier to take flights to Delhi rather than using other means of transport. With several airlines and flight operators operating between major Indian cities Delhi, getting discounted tickets and special offers for Delhi flights is always on the cards. Deals22.com works hard to maintain its leadership position in travel category and to bring you the best rates for Delhi flights. Our unique engine allows you to search across the leading travel portals to ensure that you get the best fare rates. Jet Airways, Kingfisher, Indian Airlines, Air India, Spicejet, Air Deccan, Indigo, Paramount and GO Air operate daily flights on the Delhi Bangalore, Mumbai Delhi, Kolkata Delhi and Hyderabad Delhi routes. Delhi airport is located near the Delhi Gurgaon border is well connected to the city. The drive from Connaught Place, the heart of Delhi to the Delhi airport takes about 45 minutes if the traffic is clear. But it is advised that you always take into account the omnipresent traffic jams which can extend the commute time to the Delhi airport by a factor of three. About Delhi Delhi is the 2nd largest Indian city after Mumbai (Bombay) and is the seat of Indian government. Delhi encompasses the nearby cities of Gurgaon, Noida, Ghaziabad Faridabad to form the NCR region. Delhi /NCR is the melting pot for various Indian communities ethnicities. Attractions Places of Interest : Lodi Garden, Doll museum, Rail museum, Red Fort, India Gate, Museum of Natural History, Parliament, Qutab Minar, Jama Masjid Entertainment Shopping :, South-Extension, GK-I M Block, Connaught place, Chandni Chowk, Karol Bagh, Sarojini Nagar, Dilli Haat, State Emporiums, Lajpat Nagar, Ansal Plaza, Hauz Khas Theatre: Kamani Auditorium, LTG Auditorium, National school of Drama, India Habitat Centre (IHC), India International Centre (IIC), Lalit Kala Academy, Sri Ram Center for Performing Arts Temples : Hanuman Mandir, Lotus (ISKON) temple, Bangla Sahib Gurudwara, Kalka mandir, Birla Mandir, Chattarpur Mandir When to go Delhi faces the extreme climatic swings with the temperature moving to 47 C (116 F) in summers dropping to 0 C (32 F). The best time to visit the city is between October to March when the weather is most bearable. Regular flights to from Delhi are readily available. With airlines like Jet Airways, Kingfisher, Indian Airlines, Spicejet, Air Deccan, Indigo and GO Air offering frequent flier programs, discounted tickets and regular special offers, cheap air travel to Delhi has become a reality.

Photography vs. Text Essay -- Art Writing Literature Essays

Photography vs. Text Man's first step on the moon, the Hindenburg Disaster, The Gold Rush of 1849, The Great Depression, and the realities of Vietnam are all in our memory because of one thing: photography. Many may not remember what literature and history books say about the war in Vietnam, but what about the graphic photo of a South Vietnamese Buddhist burning himself alive? Some may not recall the words of news anchor Walter Cronkite as he announced the death of President Kennedy, but may reminisce on what film captured-- first he took off his glasses, next he looked you straight in the eyes and delivered the message in a straightforward and serious matter: "Three shots were fired at President Kennedy's motorcade in downtown Dallas." (qtd. in Bestor) Cronkite remembers it as "the only time (he) ever broke down while on the air." (qtd. in Hayes) An hour and a-half later, According to the World Book Multimedia Encyclopedia, photography froze history as Lyndon B. Johnson made his presidential oath on Air-Force One. Jackie Kennedy watched on with ineffable emotion. ("Kennedy"). Two days later was the assassination of Lee Harvey Oswald, captured by a photographer at the exact moment that Jack Ruby pulled the pistol and shot Oswald point-blank. The picture-- depicting the horror on Oswald's face and Jack Ruby's expression of anger-- won the 1963 Pulitzer Prize for photographic journalism. Edward Steichen said to TIME reporters in 1961 that "photography records the gamut of feelings written on the human face, the beauty of the earth and skies that man has inherited, and the wealth and confusion man has created. It is a major force in explaining man to himself." (Eurlich and DeBruhl 505.) Steichen was a pioneer in ... ...t to lose." (Eurlich and DeBruhl 126) These great pieces of art are primarily so for their ability to freeze time in a split second. No other art form in the world, not even literature, can match that. Works Cited Eurlich, Eugene, and Marshall DeBruhl. The International Thesaurus of Quotations New York: HarperPerrenial, 1996 World Book Multimedia Encyclopedia San Diego: Ivid Communications, 1997 Bestor, Mary Jane. JFK Death: Sunday Was 35th Anniversary News Article 21 Jun. 2000 <http://www.wcco.com/news/stories/news-981123-055109.html> Hayes, Ace R. A Reporter's Lie: Cronkite and the Party Line (Book Review) 22 Jun. 2000 <http://www.radio4all.org/pfp/cronkite.html> Newmann, Renee M. Dyslexia: Explanations from Science Dyslexia & Dyscalculia Support Services of Shiawassee County. 24 Jun. 2000 <http://www.shianet.org/~reneenew/dysl.html>